Breakthrough Study Confirms Cause Of Short Gamma-Ray Bursts

The state-of-the-art simulation ran for nearly seven weeks on the
Damiana computer cluster at the Albert Einstein Institute (AEI) in
Potsdam, Germany. It traces events that unfold over 35 milliseconds
-- about three times faster than the blink of an eye.

GRBs are among the brightest events known, emitting as much energy in
a few seconds as our entire galaxy does in a year. Most of this
emission comes in the form of gamma rays, the highest-energy form of light.

"For the first time, we've managed to run the simulation well past the
merger and the formation of the black hole," said Chryssa
Kouveliotou, a co-author of the study at NASA's Marshall Space Flight
Center in Huntsville, Ala. "This is by far the longest simulation of
this process, and only on sufficiently long timescales does the
magnetic field grow and reorganize itself from a chaotic structure
into something resembling a jet."

GRBs longer than two seconds are the most common type and are widely
thought to be triggered by the collapse of a massive star into a
black hole. As matter falls toward the black hole, some of it forms
jets in the opposite direction that move near the speed of light.
These jets bore through the collapsing star along its rotational axis
and produce a blast of gamma rays after they emerge. Understanding
short GRBs, which fade quickly, proved more elusive. Astronomers had
difficulty obtaining precise positions for follow-up studies.

That began to change in 2004, when NASA's Swift satellite began
rapidly locating bursts and alerting astronomers where to look.

"For more than two decades, the leading model of short GRBs was the
merger of two neutron stars," said co-author Bruno Giacomazzo at the
University of Maryland and NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in
Greenbelt, Md. "Only now can we show that the merger of neutron stars
actually produces an ultrastrong magnetic field structured like the
jets needed for a GRB."

A neutron star is the compressed core left behind when a star weighing
less than about 30 times the sun's mass explodes as a supernova. Its
matter reaches densities that cannot be reproduced on Earth -- a
single spoonful outweighs the Himalayan Mountains.

The simulation began with a pair of magnetized neutron stars orbiting
just 11 miles apart. Each star packed 1.5 times the mass of the sun
into a sphere just 17 miles across and generated a magnetic field
about a trillion times stronger than the sun's.

In 15 milliseconds, the two neutron stars crashed, merged and
transformed into a rapidly spinning black hole weighing 2.9 suns. The
edge of the black hole, known as its event horizon, spanned less than
six miles. A swirling chaos of superdense matter with temperatures
exceeding 18 billion degrees Fahrenheit surrounded the newborn black
hole. The merger amplified the strength of the combined magnetic
field, but it also scrambled it into disarray.

Over the next 11 milliseconds, gas swirling close to the speed of
light continued to amplify the magnetic field, which ultimately
became a thousand times stronger than the neutron stars' original
fields. At the same time, the field became more organized and
gradually formed a pair of outwardly directed funnels along the black
hole's rotational axis.

This is exactly the configuration needed to power the jets of
ultrafast particles that produce a short gamma-ray burst. Neither of
the magnetic funnels was filled with high-speed matter when the
simulation ended, but earlier studies have shown that jet formation
can occur under these conditions.

"By solving Einstein's relativity equations as never before and
letting nature take its course, we've lifted the veil on short GRBs
and revealed what could be their central engine," said Luciano
Rezzolla, the study's lead author at AEI. "This is a long-awaited
result. Now it appears that neutron star mergers inevitably produce
aligned jet-like structures in an ultrastrong magnetic field."

The study is available online and will appear in the May 1 edition of
The Astrophysical Journal Letters.

The authors note the ultimate proof of the merger model will have to
await the detection of gravitational waves -- ripples in the fabric
of space-time predicted by relativity. Merging neutron stars are
expected to be prominent sources, so the researchers also computed
what the model's gravitational-wave signal would look like.
Observatories around the world are searching for gravitational waves,
so far without success because the signals are so faint.

For more information, video and images associated with this release, visit:

http://www.nasa.gov/topics/universe/features/gamma-ray-engines.html

Source: NASA

---